Venus on the Kalend of April

Mar 31st, 2011 | author Antonella Bazzoli | posted in Discoveries, Women in History, Zoom

in April the bride holds a floral wreath and a bouquet of flowers

Woman, in her role as wife, is the protagonist of four different scenes out of the twelve months of the Main Fountain of Perugia. There is no doubt of her identity as uxor, wife in Latin, is clearly written in letters above each of these four scenes.

We meet one in April: she holds a floral wreath and a bouquet of flowers by its long bent stem, while the man who stands next to her, carries a garland on his head and holds a flowered branch to his face. With respect to their noble and composed postures it seems the two are participating in a ceremony, perhaps even a nuptials. Therefore, she represents a new bride in the season of renewal— spring. Interestingly enough, the Roman calendar celebrates the Veneralia, or festival of Venus, the goddess of love, on the Kalends of the month, the 1st of April.

We know from the classical poet Ovid, that on that date the women paid homage to Venus Verticordia, so identified since she had the power to “turns hearts.” The rituals to honor Venus are described in Book IV of “Fasti” by Ovid, directed at the woman saying: “Honor the goddess according to the sacred rituals, the goddess must be washed clean…. offer her the new roses with other flowers. And she requests too that all of you crown yourselves with green myrtle and wash yourselves the same.”
After having washed the statue of Venus and themselves, the virgins and young brides offered their flowers to the goddess and drank the cocetum, a drink of milk mixed with bean honey and ground poppy flower, that lead them into a deep stupor. Fertility festivals, in fact, normally coincide also with the celestial movements of the planet Venus.

It is a curious thing to note that the personification of Perugia, who symbolically holds the plentiful and powerful cornucopia (symbol of abundance) is placed on the highest basin of the Fountain, directly in correspondence with the tiled scenes showing the month of April.
While the allegory of Perugia is one of a solemn and stern matron, the cornucopia has always been associated with the goddess Fortune, celebrated in that ancient world along with Venus on the Kalend of April.
Another powerful connection between all of these deities and the young bride in the April scene is that they are all portrayed with crowns on their heads.  Perhaps this is a reference to the Greek goddess Tyche, who was often depicted wearing a turreted crown that symbolized the walls of the ancient city being protected by the Greek gooddes.
It would be difficult to believe that all of these connections were solely by chance. It is more probable that there was a conscience effort by those funding the project in the 13th century to remind their contemporary populous of the classical culture of Ancient Rome, with the intention to celebrate the Guelph community whose ancient origins themselves can be seen in the Etruscan walls which still circle the city today.

To reinforce this hypothesis is the presence of Eulistes, mythical Etruscan founder of Perugia, who appears on the exact opposite of the fountain’s highest basin from the personification of Perugia herself.
In fact, if one were to trace an axis along the top of the basin it would follow the exact axis of the ancient main road of the city, the cardo, with Eulistes at the north end and Perugia at the southern.

Antonella Bazzoli – October 2009
translated by Genna Neilson
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